Syntax features

Definition

Basic features to get things done

Features

Conditionals (if, else, switch) (All major languages) Basic decision-making structures to control flow based on conditions.

Loops (for, while, do...while) (C, C++, Java, Python, JavaScript, Go, Rust) Repetition constructs to execute code multiple times.

Pattern Matching (Haskell, Scala, Rust, F#, Elixir, OCaml) A mechanism for branching logic based on structural patterns.

Destructuring (JavaScript, Python, Rust, Elixir) Binding parts of a structure (array, object, tuple) to individual variables.

List Comprehensions (Python, Haskell, Elixir, Scala) Concise syntax for generating new lists by transforming existing ones.

Optional Chaining (JavaScript, TypeScript, Swift, C#) Access properties/methods safely on potentially null/undefined objects.

Ternary Operator (C, Java, JavaScript, Python, C++) Short syntax for conditional expressions: condition ? expr1 : expr2.

Guards (Haskell, Elixir, F#, Scala) Expressions used to provide additional conditions in function definitions or pattern matches.

Null-Coalescing Operator (C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Swift) Provides a fallback value when an expression evaluates to null.

Switch Expressions (Java, Kotlin, C#, Swift) Switch/case expressions that return values, not just execute logic.